R A J A
Selasa, 18 Januari 2011
Maximilien Robespierre
Maximilien Robespierre adalah seorang pemimpin revolusi Perancis dan adalah argumennya yang membuat pemerintah revolusioner membunuh raja tanpa pemeriksaan pengadilan. Robespierre adalah satu aktor utama di balik pemerintahan yang bengis, 10 bulan sejak pasca-revolusioner ia menyebabkan terror dan eksekusi masal. Teror itu mengancam antara 18.500 sampai 40.000 orang, dengan 1.900 dibunuh pada bulan terakhir.
Di antara orang yang dihukum oleh pengadilan revolusioner, sekitar 8 persen adalah ningrat, kependetaan sebanyak 6 persen, kelas menengah sebanyak 14 persen, dan 70 persen sisanya karyawan atau buruh taniyang dituduh melakukan penimbunan, menolak wajib militer, desersi, pemberontakan, dan lain mengaku kejahatan. Atas perbuatannya, Robespierre dipenggal kepalanya dengan tidak melalui pemeriksaan pengadilan pada 1794.
Idi Amin Dada
Idi Amin adalah seorang perwira tentara dan presiden Uganda.
Dia mengambil tenaga di kup militer pada Januari 1971, menurunkan Milton Obote.
Kekuasaannya ditandai oleh pelanggaran hak asasi, penindasan politik, penganiayaan etnik, pembunuhan pengadilan ekstra dan pengusiran orang India dari Uganda. Jumlah orang yang dibunuh akibat rezimnya tak dikenal; perkiraan bervariasi dari 80.000 sampai 500.000.
Pada 4 Agustus, 1972, Amin mengeluarkan dekrit yang memerintahkan pengusiran ke60.000 orang Asia yang tidak adalah warganegara Uganda (kebanyakan dari mereka memuat paspor Inggris). Ini nanti diperbaiki untuk memasukkan ke80.000 orang Asia, dengan kekecualian profesional, seperti dokter, pengacara dan guru.
Leopold II of Belgium
Leopold II ialah Raja Belgia dari 1865-1909.
Dengan bantuan keuangan dari pemerintah, Leopold membuat "Congo Free State", proyek pribadi yang dilakukan untuk menyadap karet dan gading di daerah Kongo Afrika tengah, yang mengandalkan kerja paksa dan menyebabkan kematian sebanyak sekitar 3 juta orang Kongo.
Rezim Negara Bagian Bebas Kongo menjadi salah satu skandal internasional peralihan abad yang lebih terkenal keburukannya. Bidang tanah secara pribadi dimiliki oleh Raja adalah 76 kali lebih besar daripada Belgia, yang dia bebas menguasainya sebagai lingkup pribadi lewat tentara pribadinya, Force Publique. Pekerja perkebunan karet milik Leopold disiksa, memuntungkan dan membunuh secara kejam sampai di akhir abad, atas hati nuran,i Dunia Barat lalu memaksa Brusel untuk mengadakan perhentian.
On December 12, 1909 he married Blanche in the Palm Pavilion in the Castle of Laeken, the marriage was considered a left-handed marriage and therefore morganatic. Five days later on December 17, 1909 Leopold died of a stroke.
At the time of their nuptials, Durrieux was described as an capitalist from Neuilly. However, closer to the truth he was her steward at her home, the Château de Balaincourt in Arronville, Val-d'Oise. It was rumored then, and still persists to this day that Durrieux and Blanche were already married when the King was still alive and that he in fact and not Leopold was the father of the two boys. Nonetheless, he was considered to have a mysterious and strange hold over Blanche.
With Blanche still residing at Balincourt, Durrieux would often to come and visit the children there. However, sometimes Blanche would take the boys to visit their father in Neuilly.
Tragically, Blanche was not spared further heartache, when Philippe died at the age of 7 from diphtheria on April 21, 1914. Suffering from great sorrow, his death brought about a partial reconciliation with the couple.
In May, 1914, barely a month after Philippe's death, Blanche left Lucien on a Sunday for his usual visit. However, unusually he was left overnight with his father. When his father did not return him the next day, Blanche arrived on Tuesday to retrieve her son, only to find Durrieux unwilling to let him return to his mother. Although it is not completely clear, a dispute followed, which aroused the entire neighborhood; and Blanche was seen leaving Durrieux's house in great excitement to depart in haste to the local police station. It was witnessed at the time, that her former husband appeared in the doorway of his home bleeding from the neck, as if he had been sratched or cut.
After appealing to the police the distraught Blanche returned with a police inspector, but he too was unable to gain admittance. It was only after Blanche applied to the court and obtained an order for the immediate surrender of her son that it actually happened. The local police commissioner, attended by his secretary and two inspectors went to the villa at Neuilly and summoned Durrieux to deliver the boy into their care, which he did saying that he only yielded to force and that he would appeal to the courts for the right in the future to keep his son. Blanche returned to Balincourt with her son. Antoine's threats proved moot, as not too long afterwards, Durrieux himself died.
For the most part, history loses sight of her and her only surviving son. From then on, their lives were even more difficult as they had to move many times due to the lack of money. Baroness de Vaughan wrote her memoirs in 1936. These memoirs entitled "Quelques Souvenirs De Ma Vie" tells entirely her life with King Leopold II in her own reflections. One recounting explains how Lucien and Philippe called their old father 'Colas' for Saint Nicholas as he looked like him with his big white beard
As he grew older, the Duc de Tervueren became the spitting image of Leopold, although without a beard. Thereby giving some physical confirmation as Leopold's biological son.
Relations with the court in Brussels also became less strained with Lucien developing a friendship with Prince Charles, Count of Flanders, the Regent after the abdication of King Leopold III. It was also suggested that Lucien and his wife were invited to visit by Queen Elisabeth in later years.
Louise of Orléans
From Wikipedia
Louise of Orléans | |
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Tenure | 9 August 1832 – 11 October 1850 |
Spouse | Leopold I of Belgium |
Issue | |
Louis-Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium Leopold II of Belgium Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders Charlotte, Empress of Mexico | |
Father | Louis-Philippe I, King of the French |
Mother | Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies |
Born | 3 April 1812(1812-04-03) Palermo, Sicily |
Died | 11 October 1850(1850-10-11) (aged 38) Ostend, Belgium |
Louise of Orléans (Louise Marie Thérèse Charlotte Isabelle; 3 April 1812 – 11 October 1850) was born a Princess of Orléans[1] and was Queen consort of the Belgians as the wife of King Leopold I. She is an ancestress of the present King of Belgium, Italian Royal Pretender (Prince of Naples), the Grand Duke of Luxembourg and the present Prince Napoléon - head of the Imperial House of France.
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Life
Born in Palermo, Sicily on 3 April 1812, she was the eldest daughter of the future King Louis-Philippe I, King of the French and of his wife Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies. As a child, she had a religious and bourgeoise education thanks to the part played by her mother and her aunt, Louise Marie Adélaïde Eugénie d'Orléans to whom she was very close.
On her father's side, she was a descendant of Philippe Égalité, Philippe d'Orléans, Regent for Louis XV, Madame de Montespan, and of Louis XIV and Philippe I, Duke of Orléans both the sons of Louis XIII. On her mother's side, she was a descendant of Maria Theresa of Austria and Catherine de' Medici. At the accession of her father to the throne, under the name Louis-Philippe I, King of the French, when she was eighteen, Louise became a princesse d'Orléans.
Marriage
On 9 August 1832, Louise married King Leopold I of the Belgians at the Château de Compiègne, in France. Since Leopold was a Protestant, they had both a Catholic and a Calvinist ceremony.
Children
Louise and Leopold had four children, including Leopold II of Belgium and Empress Carlota of Mexico.
- Prince Louis Philippe Léopold Victor Ernst of Belgium (24 July 1833 – 16 May 1834)
- Was Crown Prince of Belgium from his birth till his death in infancy;
- Prince Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor of Belgium, (Brussels, 9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909)
- First married Marie Henriette of Austria; then engaged secretly in a religious ceremony Blanche Zélia Joséphine Delacroix;
- Was the second King of the Belgians;
- Prince Philippe Eugène Ferdinand Marie Clément Baudouin Léopold George of Belgium, Count of Flanders (Laken on 24 March 1837 - Brussels on 17 November 1905)
- His son succeeded Leopold II as Albert I of Belgium;
- Princess Marie Charlotte Amélie Auguste Victoire Clémentine Léopoldine of Belgium, (Laken on 7 June 1840 - Meise on 19 January 1927)
- Was the Consort of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico.
Louise was the 298th Dame of the Royal Order of Queen Maria Luisa on 10 February 1835. A devoted wife and loving mother, she was of a very shy nature and was often only seen in public when her husband forced her. She soon proved to be very popular at the Belgian court with her famous generosity and beauty. Queen Marie-Louise died of tuberculosis in Ostend on 11 October 1850. She is buried beside her husband in Royal Crypt of the Church of Our Lady of Laeken.
Leopold II of Belgium with his wife, Marie Henriette of Austria |
Ancestry
Titles and Styles
- 3 April 1812 – 9 August 1830 Her Serene Highness Louise Marie Thérèse Charlotte Isabelle of Orléans
- 9 August 1830 – 9 August 1832 Her Royal Highness Princess Marie Louise of France
- 9 August 1832 – 11 October 1850 Her Majesty The Queen of the Belgians
References
- ↑ Ordonnance of 13 August 1830 :
- LOUIS PHILIPPE ROI DES FRANÇAIS, à tous présens et à venir, salut.
- Notre avènement à la couronne ayant rendu nécessaire de déterminer les noms et les titres que devaient porter à l'avenir les princes et princesses nos enfans, ainsi que notre bien-aimée sœur,
- Nous avons ordonné et ordonnons ce qui suit :
- Les princes et princesses nos bien-aimés enfans, ainsi que notre bien-aimée sœur, continueront à porter le nom et les armes d'Orléans.
- Notre bien-aimé fils aîné, le duc de Chartres, portera, comme prince royal, le titre de duc d'Orléans.
- Nos bien-aimés fils puînés conserveront les titres qu'ils ont portés jusqu'à ce jour.
- Nos bien-aimées filles et notre bien-aimée sœur ne porteront d'autre titre que celui de princesses d'Orléans, en se distinguant entre elles par leurs prénoms.
- Il sera fait, en conséquence, sur les registres de l'état civil de la Maison royale, dans les archives de la Chambre des Pairs, toutes les rectifications qui résultent des dispositions ci-dessus [...]
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Louise-Marie of France |
- Royal House of France
- Royal House of Belgium
- Ducal House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
- Louise-Marie of France at Find-A-Grave
Pol Pot
Pol Pot adalah pemimpin Khmer Rouge dan Perdana Menteri Kamboja dari 1976 sampai 1979, sudah de fakto pemimpin sejak pertengahan 1975. Selama masa kekuasaannya, Pol Pot memaksakan versi ekstrim komunisme agraris di mana semua penduduk kota dipindahkan ke daerah pedalaman untuk bekerja di perkebunan kolektif dan proyek kerja paksa. Efek gabungan kerja budak, kekurangan gizi, perewatan kedokteran yang buruk dan pelaksanaan ditaksir untuk sudah membunuh sekitar 2 juta orang Kamboja (sekitar sepertiga penduduk). Rezimnya mencapai reputasi buruk istimewa karena memilih semua cendekiawan dan "kaum borjuis musuh" lain untuk pembunuhan.
Khmer Rouge melakukan eksekusi masal di tempat yang dikenal sebagai "Ladang Pembunuhan". Yang dieksekusi dikubur di kuburan masal. Untuk menghemat amunisi, eksekusi sering dillakukan memakai palu, tangkai kampak, sekop atau tongkat bambu yang diasah.