Jumat, 10 Desember 2010

RAJA DAN RATU DI DUNIA

OTHER RULERS DURING TUDOR TIMES

Popes

1484-1492 Innocent VIII (Giambattista Cibo)
1492-1503 Alexander VI (Roderigo Borgia)
1503-1503 (Sep-Oct.) Pius III (Francesco Todeschini)
1503-1513 Julius II (Giulio della Rovere)
1513-1521 Leo X (Giovanni De' Medici)
1522-1523 Adrian VI (Adrian of Utrecht)
1523-1534 Clement VII (Giulio De' Medici)
1534-1549 Paul III (Alessandro Farnese)
1550-1555 Julius III (Giovanni del Monte)
1555-1556 Marcellus II (Marcello Cervini)
1556-1559 Paul IV (Pietro Caraffa)
1559-1565 Pius IV (Gian-Angelo De' Medici)
1565-1572 Pius V (Michele Ghislieri)
1572-1585 Gregory XIII (Ugo Buoncompagno)
1586-1590 Sixtus V (Felix Peretti)
1590-1590 Urban VIII (Giambattista Castagna)
1590-1591 Gregory XIV (Niccolo Sfondrato)
1591-1591 Innocent IX (Gian-Antonio Fachinetto)
1592-1605 Clement VIII (Ippolito Aldobrandini)

Holy Roman Emperors

1440-1493 Frederick III of Habsburg
1493-1519 Maximilian I
1519-1556 Carlos V
1556-1564 Ferdinand I (brother of Charles V)
1564-1576 Maximilian II (son of Ferdinand I)
1576-1612 Rudolf II

Emperors of Japan

1465-1500 Gotsuchimikado
1500-1526 Gokashiwabara
1526-1557 Gonara
1557-1586 Ogimachi
1586-1611 Goyozei

Kings of Denmark and Norway

1481-1513 John I (Hans)
1513-1523 Christian II
1523-1533 Frederick I

1533-1559 Christian III

1559-1588 Frederick II
1588-1648 Christian IV

Kings of France

1483-1498 Charles VIII
1498-1515 Louis XII
1515-1547 Francois I
1547-1559 Henri II
1559-1560 Francois II
1560-1574 Charles IX (Catherine De Medici regent)
1574-1589 Henri III (Catherine De Medici regent)
1589-1610 Henri IV

Kings of Hungary

1458-1490 Matthias Corvinus the Just (Igazságos Mátyás)

1490-1516 Laszlo II Jagellon(also King of Bohemia)

1516–1526 Louis II Jagellon(also King of Bohemia)

1526-1564 Ferdinand I (also Holy Roman Emperor)

1526-1540 Janos Zápolya (alternatively spelled as Szapolyai.)

1540-1571 Janos II Sigismund Zápolya (Prince of Transylvania)

Hungary was effectively split into 3 parts: a Habsburg domain in the north and west, Ottoman domain in the center, and the Ottoman satellite Transylvania in the east after 1562.

1564-1576 Maximilian II

1576-1612 Rudolf II

Kings of Poland

1447-1492 Casimir IV Jagellon

1492-1501 Jan I Albert Jagellon

1501-1506 Alexander I Jagellon

1506- 1548 Sigismund "the Old" Jagellon

1548-1572 Sigismund II August Jagellon

1572-1574 Henri De Valois (after Henri II of France)

1575-1586 Stephen Bathory

1586-1632 Sigismund Vasa (also King of Sweden)

1632-1648 Vladislav III Vasa

Kings of Portugal

1481-1495 Joao II
1495-1521 Manuel I
1521-1557 Joao III
1557-1578 Sebastian
1578-1580 Enrique
1580-1580 Antonio
under Spanish domination from 1580-1640

Kings and Queens of Scotland

1460-1488 James III
1488-1513 James IV
1513-1542 James V
1542-1567 Mary I (Marie De Guise regent)
1567-1625 James VI (James I of England 1603-1625)

Kings and Queens of Spain
(this one is complicated by the various regional titles in Spain)

1479-1504 Isabel of Castile (w/ Fernando of Aragon)
1479-1516 Fernando of Aragon (united Spain w/marriage to Isabel)
1516-1556 Carlos I of Spain (later Carlos V, Holy Roman Emperor)
1556-1598 Felipe II
1598-1621 Felipe III

Kings of Sweden

1470-1497 Sten Sture the Elder (regent)
1497-1501 John II of Denmark (Hans)
1501-1503 Sten Sture (regent)
1503-1512 Svante Nilsson Sture (regent)
1512-1520 Sten Sture the Younger (regent)
1520-1521 Christian II (also King of Norway and Denmark)
1521-1523 Gustavus Eriksson Vasa (regent)
1523-1560 Gustavus I
1560-1568 Eric XVI
1568-1592 John III
1592-1599 Sigismund Vasa
1599-1604 Carl IX (regent)

Sovreigns of the Dutch Republic

1579-1584 William I of Orange (known as William the Silent)
1584-1625 Maurice I of Orange

Tsars of Russia

???? - 1505 Ivan III
1505-1533 Basil III
1533-1584 Ivan IV ("The Terrible")
1584-1598 Theodore I
1598-1605 Boris Godunov

Dukes of Bavaria

1503–1508 Albretch IV

1508–1550 Wilhelm IV

1516–1545 Louis X jointly held with Wilhelm IV

1550–1579 Albretch V

1579-1597 Wilhelm V

1597-1623 Maximilian I

Dukes of Lorraine

1473-1508 René II
1508-1544 Anthony
1544-1545 Francois I
1545-1608 Charles III

Dukes and Electors of Saxony

Ernestine Electors of Saxony

1464-1486 Ernest

1486-1525 Frederick III, the Wise

1525-1532 Johan, the Steadfast

1532-1547 Johan Frederick

Albertine Dukes of Saxony

1486-1500 Albert Wettin, the Bold

1500-1539 George Wettin

1539-1541 Henry IV Wettin

1541-1547 Maurice (elector in 1547)

In 1547, following Emperor Carlos V's victory at the Battle of Mühlberg, Wittenberg and the Electoral dignity passed to the Albertine line. The Ernestine line continued to rule in southern Thuringian, but their lands eventually split up into many different tiny duchies, of which Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, and Saxe-Altenburg lasted until 1918. This article does not list the subsequent Ernestine dukes.

Albertine Electors of Saxony

1547-1553 Maurice

1553-1586 Augustus

1586-1591 Christian I

1591-1611 Christian II

Electors of Brandenburg

1470-1486 Albert III Achilles

1486-1499 John Cicero

1499-1535 Joachim I Nestor

1535-1571 Joachim II Hector

1571-1598 John George

1598-1608 Joachim Frederick

Regents of the Netherlands/ Low Countries

1506-1507 Guillaume de Croy, Marquis d'Aerschot

1517-1530 Margaret of Austria
1531-1540 Mary of Hungary
1559-1567 Margaret of Parma
1567-1573 Fernando Alvarez De Toledo, Duke of Alba

1573-1576 Luis de Requesens y Zuñiga

1576-1578 Don Juan of Austria

1578-1581 Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza

In 1581 the United Provinces declared themselves independent of Spain.

Spanish Netherlands

1581-1592 Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza

1592-1594 Count Peter Ernst von Mansfeld

1594-1595 Archduke Ernest of Austria

1595-1596 Pedro Enríquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes

1596-1598 Archduke Albert of Austria

1598-1621 Archduke Albert of Austria and Infanta Isabella of Spain

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king

“So many compensations reward the stamp collector that it is difficult to decide which is the greatest benefit to accrue from his avocation. After all, the sheer delight which it affords justifies our interest, and brings ample returns to our effort.” US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt

It seems a paradox that philately, which offers such tremendous mental stimulation and challenge, should at the same time be a hobby which is noted for its powers to relax and calm its adherents.

Of course, not everyone can find both stimulation and relaxation in stamp collecting: for some the stimulation of the hobby is so powerful that very little relaxation enters their philatelic activities; for others the restful aspects of the hobby are its most important attraction, and these people are not interested in the mental challenges which philately can provide. A surprising number of collectors, however, are able to combine the two apparently contradictory objectives, thus obtaining stimulation and relaxation from the hobby. This important aspect of philately was perhaps best summed up by the late Harry Lindquist, founder and for many years editor of Stamps, a leading American weekly publication, when he wrote:

“There is something peculiarly soothing to the mind and calming to the nerves in stamp collecting. No matter how inescapable may be the trouble that is weighing him down, the collector will find temporary forgetfulness in his stamp albums. Then, after an hour or two with his stamps, when he returns to his problem, it is with a refreshed mind and outlook; he often finds that the old enigma has a solution after all, which his tired mind, running in circles, had not been able to discover. The hobby of stamp collecting not only heals and refreshes the tired mind, but it becomes a healthy stimulant to the idle mind. The reason that the burdened mind is rested during a session with stamps is that the brain is quickened into other avenues of thought by many fascinating subjects they suggest. These same qualities stir the mind that has been dulled by inaction, as sometimes happens to our retired folk, or guide into worthwhile activity the eager mind of youth.”

Csar Nicholas II & King George V

Csar Nicholas II & King George V

Czar Nicholas II of Russia and King George V of England. Their portraits appear on many postage stamps and it is difficult to distinguish between the two men. Can you pick who’s who from this photo? The man on the left is the Czar: the uniforms may have fooled you but the royal cousins swapped them for the occasion!

Among the many monarchs who have found pleasure and relaxation in the hobby of stamp collecting was King George V of England, who began collecting when a young man in the Navy, and who adhered to the hobby with tremendous enthusiasm throughout his life, amassing the finest collection of British Empire stamps ever assembled. This is the famous Royal Collection now owned by the King’s granddaughter, Queen Elizabeth II. In his autobiography of the great art dealer, Lord Duveen, S.W. Behrman tells how Duveen’s Uncle Henry (also a Duveen, and a noted London art dealer) early in life formed a close friendship with King George V, as a result of their mutual interest in stamps. The author relates how at ten in the evening Uncle Henry Duveen would go along to Buckingham Palace and sit with the King to study their stamps for hours, while Queen Mary embroidered. On some occasions they were joined by the King’s cousin, Czar Nicholas, another keen philatelist who later was to lose both his life and his stamps in the Russian revolution.

1927 Egypt stamp featuring King Fuad

1927 Egypt stamp featuring King Fuad

1913 Russia stamp featuring Czar Nicholas II

1913 Russia stamp featuring Czar Nicholas II

1912 Great Britain stamp featuring King George V

1912 Great Britain stamp featuring King George V

From top to bottom: King Fuad of Egypt, Czar Nicholas II of Russia, King George V of England.

Queen Elizabeth

Queen Elizabeth

The world’s most valuable collection of British Commonwealth stamps is the Royal Collection owned by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Although the Queen herself is not a stamp collector, she takes a keen interest in the collection formed over a period of three-quarters of a century by her grandfather, King George V, and her father, King George VI.

The best documented example of the therapeutic value of stamp collecting for ulcer prone executives and administrators concerns the late President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who turned to his stamp albums to ‘unwind’ from the cares of office and to take his mind from the pain that racked his body as a result of the bout of infantile paralysis he suffered as a young man. The importance of stamp collecting to President Roosevelt has been recorded by Harley Williams in his book The Conquest of Fear:

“He had a remarkable faculty of relaxation. His stamp collection, a hobby begun at the age of eight, was now carried on, and no U.S. issue went out lacking his personal approval. Indeed, the President carried books of stamps to all his international conferences, and loved to bargain for specimens, ten dollars being his upper limit.

“As he used to watch his patient, sitting perfectly carefree, while he examined his blues and greens, it came to Dr Mclntyre (Roosevelt’s physician) that a whole treatise could be written about the healing effect of such hobbies.

Around this man in the White House, who was absorbed in philately each night before going to bed, the storm raged as it had never done even around Woodrow Wilson … dignified Americans declared that their President should be certified insane … he faced his enemies with the same outward composure as he moved his paralysed legs. Upon such a regimen of severe mental labour, diet, massage, swimming and stamp collecting, the President took his first four-year term in his stride.”

US President Roosevelt inspecting his stamps

US President Roosevelt inspecting his stamps

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was an enthusiastic stamp collector who found peace and relaxation working on his stamp albums. This hobby gave him respite from the cares of office during his long term as President of the United States.

The therapeutic value of stamp collecting for President Roosevelt has also been attested to by his son, James Roosevelt, in the foreword he wrote for the book Eleanor and Franklin D. Roosevelt Stamps of the World, by Philip Silver and Jan Bart and published in 1965 by the American Topical Association. These are the recollections Mr Roosevelt had of the philatelic activities of his famous father:

“I am delighted with the fine effort of Phil Silver and Jan Bart in their book, and I am sure it will bring great joy to many stamp collectors. Further, I hope that it will be a reminder of how stamp collecting as a hobby can be turned into not only a part-time occupation – as it was in the case of my father – but therapy as well, better than any doctor could have prescribed.

“I have vivid memories of Father sitting at his desk, when he had a half hour or an hour with no appointments, and with the hope that the telephone would not ring, with his stamp books and an expression of complete relaxation and enjoyment on his face. Of course, in his early life the stamps had given him an interest in the geography of the world which visitors, at a later day were to comment on with amazement. He knew countries, rivers, mountains, cities and their characteristics in a detail which, even though he (in many instances) had not been there, gave a feeling of closeness between himself and his visitors concerning their homelands.

“To you and I who have complete movement and can relieve our tensions by just getting up from our chairs or desks even for a few seconds, it is hard to realize how deep were the frustrations of one who knew that movement was an effort rarely to be considered without outside help. Thus, it was the ability to reach for a box full of envelopes with stamps from abroad, accomplish his aims. undertake his responsibilities and perform his duties, I am absolutely sure.”

An unusual story on the relaxing powers of philately dates back to August 1914, immediately after the outbreak of World War I. At the time the German freighter Willehad, under the command of Captain H. Filsinger, was steaming for the west coast of the United States when the British cruiser Essex loomed on the horizon and gave chase, intent on sinking the enemy ship. The Willehad took immediate evasive action and made a run for it, without lights, through a heavy North Atlantic fog. After almost a hundred hours on the bridge, Captain Filsinger finally shook off the Essex and steamed into the safety of Boston harbour. American newsmen who boarded the Willehad to get first-hand reports of the exciting chase found Captain Filsinger, after a couple of hours’ rest, elated but still careworn and tired with bloodshot eyes. What amazed the reporters was the fact that they found the captain in his cabin with a large stamp album in front of him, calmly engaged in mounting specimens he had acquired from a previous voyage. His first act, after greeting the newsmen, was to draw their attention to the excellence of his Canadian collection. From the press reports of the day, it is clear that the reporters regarded Captain Filsinger as somewhat eccentric. Not being philatelists, they were unable to appreciate the fact that the captain was able to find in his stamps the relaxation he needed after his ordeal.

The medical profession has not been slow to recognise the significance of such stories, and there is an increasing trend to use hobbies such as stamp collection as a therapeutic weapon in the fight against mental stress. Extensive experiments along these lines have been carried out at Veterans’ Administration hospitals throughout the United States and at the New York Institute of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation.

The most extraordinary case history to emerge so far from such experiments, however, comes not from America but from Germany where a doctor’s recommendation that a patient should take up stamp collection to cure his extreme nervous tension led direct to the capture and ultimate execution of Adolf Eichmann, the Nazi war criminal.

This story has been related in detail by the man concerned, Simon Wiesenthal, in his book Ich jagte Eichmann. Wiesenthal was near death in the infamous Mauthausen concentration camp when it was captured by the American army in May 1945. After expert medical treatment, Wiesenthal recovered some of his physical strength and joined the War Crimes Office of the American army. But the mental stress he had gone through in the camp played such havoc with his mind that he suffered from insomnia and by 1948 was close to a complete nervous breakdown. The doctor whom he consulted realised that Wiesenthal needed an interest strong enough to expunge the torturing memories of Mauthausen. He recommended stamp collecting.

Until that time, Wiesenthal had no interest in philately, but he realised the soundness of the doctor’s advice and decided to take up collecting to quieten his nerves. Of this period he wrote:

“I don’t wish to serve as a publicity agent for stamp dealers, but I must admit that the new hobby really diverted me and put my mind at rest. I bought some catalogues, magnifying glasses, a pair of tweezers etc. and spent my evenings bent over the stamps which caught increasingly my imagination. It made me forget the events of the preceding day. It became a passion with me.”

As Wiesenthal’s interest in philately increased so did his circle of philatelic friends, and soon he was corresponding with fellow collectors in all parts of the world. In 1953, while holidaying in the Tyrol, he learned that an elderly Austrian nobleman wished to sell part of his collection. He contacted the baron, who invited him to his villa near Innsbruck. During his stay at the villa, the talk turned from stamps to their wartime experiences and to Nazi war crimes in general. The baron mentioned that he had recently received a letter from a philatelist in Argentina, a former army colleague. As the baron thought the letter might be of some interest to Wiesenthal, he located it and passed it across for him to read. Wiesenthal’s eyes lighted on this startling paragraph:

“I have already met a few acquaintances here. Lieutenant Hoffman, who belonged to my regiment, lives here, as well as Captain Berger of the 188th Division. Furthermore some other acquaintances you do not however, know. Fancy whom I saw here twice already, an acquaintance of mine has actually even spoken to him. It is this miserable swine Eichmann who commanded the operations against the Jews. He lives near Buenos Aires and works for a water company.”

Wiesenthal was stunned by this paragraph since he knew, from his work in the War Crimes Office, that all the efforts of the Israeli Secret Service and other agencies to track Eichmann had, up to that time, failed. Every word of the letter was burned into his memory, but he did not allow the baron to notice his upset and shortly afterwards he made his apologies and left. He immediately passed the information on to the Israeli Secret Service agency, thus setting in motion the machinery that was to track Eichmann down, positively identify him, and, finally lead to him being kidnapped and smuggled back to Israel to face arrest and ultimate execution, bringing to a close one of the great dramas of the twentieth century – a drama which began when a German doctor urged a patient to take up stamp collecting as a means of steadying his nerves!

INGGRIS

The New Zealand Railways Magazine, Volume 12, Issue 2 (May 1, 1937)

Their Majesties King George VI., and Queen Elizabeth

Their Majesties King George VI., and Queen Elizabeth.

Their Majesties King George VI., and Queen Elizabeth.


A high relief, frosted cameo portrait of King George VI graces this gem, in the tradition of the finest medallic art!

Sold out at the Mint! Here's the fourth in a new and innovative Vignettes of Royalty Series from the Royal Canadian Mint, honoring the monarchs who have appeared on Canadian specie over the past two centuries. The series consists of five silver proofs and a copper medal. Each silver proof features two portraits, one on each side - make each a double-headed coin! The historical portrait is taken directly from the circulating coinage of the era and is struck in ultra high relief. The beauty of this high relief, medallic-style silver proof must truly be seen in person to be fully appreciated. The six monarchs are:

Queen Victoria
King Edward VII
King George V
King George VI
Queen Elizabeth II
King Edward VIII (Copper Medal)
Complete 5-Coin Silver Proof Set

Click here for all the coins in the Vignettes of Royalty series!


His Majesty, King  George VI of Great Britain, poses for a formal dress portraitGeorge VI's Reign
King George VI was born Albert Frederick Arthur George in 1895. Although his reign lasted barely 15 years and he died before the age of sixty, he presided over an eventful, turbulent time in British history, assuming the throne upon his brother's abdication, presiding over the island nation during the Second World War, and becoming the last Emperor of India and last King of Ireland, as well as the first head of the British Commonwealth.

As the second son of King George V, George (known formally as Prince Albert) was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother, Edward. He served in the Royal Navy during World War I, and after the war took on the usual round of public engagements. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923, and they had two daughters, Elizabeth (who succeeded him as Queen Elizabeth II) and Margaret.

At the death of his father in 1936, the future George VI's brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII. However, less than a year later Edward expressed his desire to marry the twice-divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. For political and religious reasons, the British Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin, advised Edward that he could not marry Mrs. Simpson and remain king. So, Edward abdicated in order to marry. By reason of this abdication, unique in the history of the British Isles (previous abdications were forced by military or political pressures), George VI ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor.

A photograph of four (4)  British kings! King Edward VII (far right) with his successors - (from  left to right) his son, the future King George V, and grandsons, the  future Kings Edward VIII and George VI.Within twenty-four hours of his accession the Irish parliament, the Oireachtas, passed the External Relations Act, which essentially removed the power of the monarch in Ireland. Further events greatly altered the position of the monarchy during his reign: three years after his accession, his realms, except Ireland, were at war with Nazi Germany. In the next two years, war with Italy and the Empire of Japan followed.

When war broke out in 1939, George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London and not flee to Canada, as had been suggested. The King and Queen officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle to avoid bombing raids. George VI and Queen Elizabeth narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. Both took a very active part in the war effort, effectively boosting morale on the home front.

A major consequence of World War II was the decline of the British Empire, with the United States and the Soviet Union rising as pre-eminent world powers. With the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, and the foundation of the Republic of Ireland in 1949, King George's reign saw the acceleration of the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations.

King George VI and Queen Mary assume the  titles and roles of King and Queen of Canada upon their first-ever royal  visit to that country in 1939, sitting upon the thrones in Ottawa,  Ontario.The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King's health, exacerbated by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer and other ailments, including arteriosclerosis. Increasingly his daughter Princess Elizabeth, the heiress presumptive, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated. In September 1951, George VI underwent a pneumonectomy where his left lung was removed following the discovery of a malignant tumor.

On 31 January 1952, despite advice from those close to him, he went to the airport to see off Princess Elizabeth, who was going on a tour of Australia via Kenya. Before takeoff he reportedly said to Elizabeth's childhood nanny who was accompanying her on the trip, "Take care of Lilibet for me". On 6 February, George VI died from a coronary thrombosis in his sleep at Sandringham House in Norfolk, at the age of 56. His daughter Elizabeth flew back to Britain from Kenya, and succeeded him as Queen Elizabeth II.

Classic Canadian Coinage
The portrait of King George VI reproduced on this coin was used on all denominations of Canadian coinage (1-, 5- 10- 25- and 50 cents, as well as silver dollars) issued The portrait of King George VI  graces this 1939 silver dollar, struck at the Royal Canadian Mint in  Ottawa, Ontario, to commemorate the first royal visit to Canada of a  reigning British Monarchduring his reign, from 1937 to 1952. The silver dollar seen here was issued to commemorate the royal visit to Canada. In 1939, George VI (along with his wife, Queen Elizabeth) became the first reigning monarch to visit Canada.

The King George VI $15 Ultra High Relief Silver Proof is the fourth issue in the Vignettes of Royalty Series, which commemorates the monarchs who have appeared on the circulation coins of Canada since the 1800s. The individual portrait of each monarch is struck in medallic art relief and is taken from designs that were minted on actual Canadian coins of the era.

Click here for the other coins in the Vignettes of Royalty series!

This photo shows the ultra high relief nature of the 2008 $15  Silver Proof featuring Victoria from CanadaInvestment Note
Here's a coin with a lot of investment potential, to say nothing of cachet! The Vignettes of Royalty Series features two firsts:
1) It's the first series of ultra high relief Canadian coins!
2) It's the first series of double-effigy coins in Canadian history!
That is, these are the first double headed coins struck by the Royal Canadian Mint! Couple these firsts with the very low mintage of only 10,000 and the unusual $15 denomination, and this looks like a sure winner.

Click here for more great coin-on-coin designs!

Technical Note
The Royal Canadian Mint is applying its expertise in the design, engraving and striking of medals and medallic art to this special series of coins. Each will feature a portrait struck in ultra high medallic relief. Each planchet or blank is individually hand-polished before it is quadruple-struck. The edge of the coin is plain, not reeded, unlike most Canadian commemorative and collector coins, in keeping with its medallic nature. Slight differences in the frosted cameo relief and proof-like fields are normal for this high-relief striking process, just as they are with high relief medals.

George VI in boxClick here for more stunning medals and medallic art!

Obverse
An ultra high relief, frosted cameo crowned portrait of King George VI of Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Emperor of India, facing left. The legend GEORGIVS VI, the date and the denomination are also indicated.

Reverse
A frosted cameo portrait of Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II of England, in profile facing right. This portrait, the fourth effigy of the queen to appear on Canadian coinage, was executed by the artist Susanna Blunt. The legend ELIZABETH II D. G. REGINA ("Elizabeth II, Queen by the Grace of God") also appears.

Packaging
The coin is encapsulated inside an elegant, burgundy leatherette, clamshell-style presentation case lined with black velvet and protected by a black outer box. An individually-numbered certificate of authenticity is included.


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Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Ibu Suri; sebelumnya Sri Ratu
Foto oleh  Cecil Beaton, 1948
Foto oleh Cecil Beaton, 1948
Memerintah sebagai consort 11 Desember 19366 Februari 1952
Koronasi 12 Mei 1937
Pasangan George VI
Anak
Elizabeth II
Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
Nama lengkap
Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Windsor
Gelar dan jabatan
Yang Mulia Ibu Suri
Yang Mulia Sri Ratu
Yang Mulia The Duchess of York
Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Yang Mulia Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Ayah Claude, Earl of Strathmore
Ibu Cecilia, Countess of Strathmore
Lahir 4 Agustus 1900
London
Baptis 23 September 1900
Meninggal 30 Maret 2002
Royal Lodge, Windsor
Dikubur 9 April 2002
Kapel St. George, Windsor

Putri Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (Elizabeth Angela Marguerite) (lahir 4 Agustus 1900 – meninggal 30 Maret 2002 pada umur 101 tahun), adalah Ratu dari George VI Raja Britania Raya dari 1936 sampai kematian George VI pada 1952. Setelah kematian suaminya, ia dikenal sebagai Ratu Elizabeth, Ibu Suri, untuk menghindarkan kebingungan dengan anandanya Ratu Elizabeth II. Sebelum suaminya naik takhta, dari 1923 sampai 1936, ia dikenal sebagai Duchess of York.

Elizabeth adalah Ratu Irlandia dan Ratu India yang terakhir. Sebagai istri raja, Elizabeth terkenal karena perannya dalam memberikan dukungan moril kepada rakyat Inggris selama Perang Dunia II, sehingga Adolf Hitler menggambarkannya sebagai "perempuan paling berbahaya di Eropa."[1] Di tahun-tahun terakhirnya, ia adalah anggota Keluarga Kerajaan Britania Raya yang tetap populer, sementara anggota-anggota lainnya banyak tidak disukai masyarakat.

Daftar isi

[sembunyikan]

[sunting] Masa kecil

Detail "The Duchess of York" oleh Philip de László, 1925

Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon adalah anak perempuan keempat dan anak ke-9 dari 10 anak dari Claude George Bowes-Lyon, Lord Glamis, (belakangan Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne ke-14), dan istrinya, Cecilia Nina Cavendish-Bentinck. Tempat kelahirannya tetap tidak diketahui dengan pasti, namun konon ia dilahirkan di rumah orangtuanya di London di Belgrave Mansions, Grosvenor Gardens, atau di sebuah ambulans yang sedang membawa ibunya ke rumah sakit.[2] Kelahirannya didaftarkan di Hitchin, Hertfordshire,[3] dekat rumah pedesaan keluarga Strathmore St. Paul's Walden Bury, dan ia dibaptiskan di sana pada 23 September 1900, di sebuah gereja setempat. Masa kecilnya banyak dilewatinya di St. Paul's Walden dan di Kastil Glamis, rumah nenek moyang Earl ini di Glamis, Angus, Skotlandia.

Pada hari ulangtahunnya yang ke-14, Britania menyatakan perang terhadap Jerman (lihat Perang Dunia I). Abangnya, Fergus, seorang perwira di Resimen Black Watch, terbunuh dalam pertempuran di Loos, Perancis pada 1915. Seorang abangnya yang lain, Michael, dilaporkan hilang dalam pertempuran pada Mei 1917. Namun demikian, sesungguhnya ia ditangkap setelah terluka dan tetap mendekam di sebuah kamp tahanan perang hingga perang berakhir. Glamis berubah menjadi rumah perawatan untuk para serdadu yang terluka, dan Elizabeth ikut membantu mengelolanya. Salah seorang serdadu yang dirawatnya menulis dalam buku otografnya bahwa ia akan "Digantung, ditarik, dan ... ditahan ... digantung dengan intan permata, ditarik dalam sebuah kereta, dan ... ditahan di rumah terbaik di negeri ini."[4]

[sunting] Menikah dengan Pangeran Albert

Ketika Pangeran Albert, atau yang biasa dipanggil "Bertie" oleh keluarganya, anak kedua dari George V dan yang belakangan dikenal sebagai George VI, melamar Elizabeth pada 1921, ia menolaknya karena "takut bahwa ia tidak akan pernah lagi bebas berpikir, berbicara dan bertindak seperti yang saya rasa harus saya lakukan."[5] Ketika Albert memutuskan bahwa ia tidak akan menikahi orang lain, ibunya, Ratu Mary, berkunjung ke Glamis untuk melihat sendiri gadis yang telah mencuri hati anaknya. Mary menjadi yakin bahwa Elizabeth adalah "gadis satu-satunya yang dapat membuat Bertie bahagia", tetapi meskipun demikian ia tetap menolak ikut campur.[6] Ada yang mengatakan bahwa Elizabeth bermaksud menikahi abang dari Bertie, yaitu Edward. Bahkan koran-koran menyebarkan gosip bahwa mereka telah bertunangan, namun para sejarahwan menyimpulkan bahwa ini semata-mata hanyalah laporan yang keliru.[7] Kebebasan Albert dalam memilih Putri Elizabeth, seorang rakyat jelata, sebagai istrinya adalah sangat tidak lazim karena warga kerajaan diharapkan menikah dengan bangsawan yang lainnya. Dikatakan pada waktu itu bahwa pernikahan Albert dengan seorang rakyat jelata dianggap sebagai sebuah sikap modernisasi secara politik.[8]

Akhirnya, Elizabeth bersedia menikah dengan Bertie, meskipun ia ragu-ragu mengenai kehidupan di lingkungan kerajaan.[9] Mereka menikah pada 26 April 1923, di Westminster Abbey. Elizabeth meletakkan karangan bunganya di Makam Pahlawan Tak Dikenal dalam perjalanannya ke Abbey, sebuah sikap yang sejak itu ditiru oleh setiap pengantin kerajaan, meskipun mereka memilih untuk melakukannya dalam perjalanan kembali dari altar dan bukan menuju ke altar. Elizabeth kemudian dikenal sebagai Yang Mulia The Duchess of York. Mereka berbulan madu di Polesden Lacey, sebuah rumah mewah di Surrey, dan kemudian pergi ke Skotlandia.[10]

Pada 1926 pasangan ini memperoleh anak pertama mereka, Elizabeth, yang kelak menjadi Ratu Elizabeth II. Seorang anak perempuan lainnya, Margaret Rose, dilahirkan empat tahun kemudian.

[sunting] Ratu, istri Raja George VI (1936-1952)

[sunting] Penobatan dan pengunduran diri Edward VIII; naik takhtanya George VI

Pada 20 Januari 1936, Raja George V meninggal dunia dan takhtanya diwariskan kepada abang Albert, Pangeran Wales, yang menjadi Raja Edward VIII. George dan Mary berterus-terang tentang keragu-raguan mereka tentang anak sulung mereka. Bahkan George telah menyatakan keinginannya, "Saya memohon kepada Tuhan agar anak sulung saya tidak akan pernah menikah dan tak ada suatupun yang menghalangi antara Bertie dan Lilibet dan takhta."[11]

Seolah-olah memenuhi keinginan orangtuanya, Edward memaksakan suatu krisis konstitusional dengan memaksakan pernikahannya dengan seorang janda cerai Amerika Wallis Simpson. Meskipun secara hukum Edward dapat menikahi Ny. Simpson dan tetap bertahan sebagai raja, menteri-menterinya menasihatinya bahwa rakyat tidak akan pernah menerima Ny. Simpson sebagai ratu dan, bila ia tetap bersikeras maka mereka harus turun takhta. Hal ini akan membawa Raja ke dalam pemilihan umum dan dengan demikian merusakkan statusnya sebagai seorang raja yang konstitusional dan secara politik netral. Karena itu, Edward turun takhta dan menyerahkannya kepada Albert, yang tidak mempunyai keinginan untuk menjadi raja dan mempunyai sedikit sekali persiapan untuk peranan itu (meskipun orangtuanya sesungguhnya mengharapkan dia). Namun demikian, Albert menjadi raja dan mengambil nama George VI. Ia dan Elizabeth dimahkotai sebagai Raja George VI dan Ratu dari Kerajaan Britania Raya dan Irlandia Utara dan Raja dan Ratu India (hingga 1947) pada 12 Mei , 1937.[12]

Ketika bekas raja dan istrinya diangkat menjadi Duke dan Duchess of Windsor, Elizabeth mendukung keputusan George VI untuk tidak memberikan gelar “Yang Mulia” kepada Simpson.[13] Ia belakangan dikutip menyebut sang Duchess sebagai "perempuan itu ".[14]

[sunting] Tur Kerajaan ke Kanada dan Amerika Serikat pada 1939

Pada Juni 1939, Elizabeth dan suaminya menjadi Raja dan Ratu pertama yang sedang berkuasa yang berkunjung ke Kanada dan Amerika Serikat. Bagian dari kunjungannya ke Kanada sangat panjang, dari pantai ke pantai lalu kembali lagi — mereka juga sebentar berbelok ke Amerika Serikat, mengunjungi keluarga Roosevelt di Gedung Putih dan di tempat kediaman mereka di Lembah Hudson River. Pasangan kerajaan ini diterima oleh masyarakat Kanada dan AS dengan sangat antusias, dan sebagian besar menghapuskan sisa-sisa perasaan bahwa George dan Elizabeth adalah pengganti yang kurang layak bagi Edward yang karismatis. Elizabeth berkata kepada Mackenzie King, Perdana Menteri Kanada, "bahwa tur ini membentuk [citra] kami,"[15] dan ia sering kembali berkunjung baik dalam kunjungan resmi maupun pribadi.

[sunting] Referensi

  1. ^ The Churchill Centre
  2. ^ Alison Weir, Britain’s Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Edisi revisi (Pimlico, London, 1996) p.330
  3. ^ Civil Registration Indexes: Births, General Register Office, England and Wales. Jul-Sep 1900 Hitchin, vol. 3a, p. 667
  4. ^ Judy Wade, The Sunday Express, 9 October 2005
  5. ^ John Ezard, The Guardian (Manchester), 1 April 2002 hlm. 18
  6. ^ Mabell Ogilvy, Countess of Airlie, Thatched with Gold (Hutchinson, London, 1962) hlm. 167
  7. ^ Sarah Bradford The Reluctant King: The Life and Reign of George VI (St. Martin's, New York, 1989), hlm. 104-5
  8. ^ Antonia Fraser, The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England hlm. 350
  9. ^ Elizabeth Longford, The Queen Mother (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1981) hlm. 23
  10. ^ Patrick Howarth, George VI (Century Hutchinson, 1987) hlm. 37-38
  11. ^ Philip Ziegler, King Edward VIII: The Official Biography (London: Collins, 1990) hlm. 199.
  12. ^ Di mahkotanya terdapat intan Koh-i-Noor dan dibuat sangat mirip dengan mahkota Ratu Mary, yang mahkotanya dibawa ke Garrard's dengan "maksud mempersiapkan rancangan untuk mahkota yang baru untuk Sri Ratu " (Lihat British Royal Family website, "HM Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother: Crown"). Lengkungan di mahkota itu dapat dilepaskan. Hal ini digunakan pada 1953 ketika Ratu Elizabeth tidak menggunakan lengkungannya pada penobatan anak perempuannya.
  13. ^ Surat dari George VI kepada Winston Churchill yang isinya menyatakan bahwa keluarganya setuju dengan pendapatnya, dikutip oleh Howarth, hlm. 143
  14. ^ Majalah Life, 17 Maret 1941, dikutip oleh Howarth, hlm. 130
  15. ^ Sarah Bradford, hlm. 281


Elizabeth II dari United Kingdom

Dari Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas.
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Elizabeth II
Ratu United Kingdom dan Alam Komanwel lain
Elizabeth II in  2007
Elizabeth II in 2007
Pemerintahan 6 Februari 1952 hingga kini (55 tahun)
Pertabalan 2 Jun 1953
Pendahulu George VI
Pengganti Charles, Putera Wales
Pasangan Putera Philip, Duke Edinburgh
Anakanda
Charles, Putera Wales
Anne, Puteri Diraja
Putera Andrew, Duke York
Putera Edward, Earl Wessex
Nama penuh
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary[1]
Gelaran
HM The Queen
HRH Puteri Elizabeth, Duchess dari Edinburgh
HRH Puteri Elizabeth
HRH Puteri Elizabeth dari York
Wangsa Wangsa Windsor
Lagu diraja "God Save the Queen"
Ayahanda George VI
Bonda Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Lahir 21 April 1926 (umur 84)
Mayfair, London , UK
Ditansir 29 Mei 1926[2]
Istana Buckingham, London[2]

Elizabeth II (lahir 21 April 1926 sebagai Elizabeth Alexandra Mary) merupakan Ratu United Kingdom dan lima belas negara lain, iaitu Alam Komanwel (Commonwealth Realm). Di samping United Kingdom, Elizabeth merupakan Ratu Kanada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Kepulauan Solomon, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent dan Grenadines, Antigua dan Barbuda, Belize dan Saint Kitts dan Nevis. Di negara-negara tersebut, baginda diwakili oleh seorang Gabenor-Jeneral. Alam Komanwel mempunyai jumlah penduduk seramai 129 juta orang. Namun, kuasa baginda hanya terhad kepada budi bicara, dan baginda tidak mempunyai kuasa politik langsung di mana-mana negara Alam Komanwel.

Pemerintahan baginda yang begitu panjang menampakkan perubahan yang nyata dalam Alam Komanwel, khususnya United Kingdom, dan seluruh dunia. Antara peristiwa penting yang berlaku semasa pemerintahan Elizabeth ialah proses pembubaran Empayar British secara perlahan, iaitu dekolonisasi tanah jajahan Empayar British yang pada satu masa menjadi Empayar terbesar di dunia.

Pada 1947, baginda mengahwini Putera Philip, Duke Edinburgh, seorang putera Greece dan Denmark. Mereka berdua mempunyai empat orang anak serta tujuh orang cucu.

Pemerintahan Ratu Elizabeth II merupakan antara tempoh yang paling lama di United Kingdom, selepas Ratu Victoria (63 tahun) dan Raja George III.

Antara negara-negara bekas Alam Komanwel, iaitu negara yang pernah diperintah oleh Elizabeth sebagai Ratu ialah Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, India, Ireland, Kenya, Malawi, Malta, Mauritius, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, Afrika Selatan, Tanganyika (Tanzania), Trinidad dan Tobago dan Uganda. Kesemua negara ini memberhentikan sistem monarki apabila berubah menjadi republik.

Sebagai Ketua Negara United Kingdom, baginda merupakan Panglima Agung (Commander-in-Chief) Angkatan Tentera British, dan juga kebanyakan negara Alam Komanwel.

Isi kandungan

[sorok]

[sunting] Kehidupan awal

Elizabeth Alexandra Mary dilahirkan di 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair, London pada 21 April 1926. Ayanhanda dan bonda baginda ialah Putera Albert, Duka York (kemudian Raja George VI) dan Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (kemudian Ratu Elizabeth, dan The Queen Mother selepas Elizabeth II menaiki takhta. Elizabeth ditansir (baptis) di Private Chapel Istana Buckingham oleh Cosmo Lang, Biskop Besar York (dan kemudiannya Biskop Besar Canterbury).

Elizabeth mempunyai seoran adinda, iaitu Puteri Margaret. Mereka diberi pendidikan di rumah. Elizabeth belajar sejarah dengan C. H. K. Marten, diajar agama oleh Biskop Besar Canterbury, serta boleh bertutur dengan fasih dalam bahasa Perancis. Gelaran yang digunakan oleh baginda sejak kelahiran baginda ialah "Puteri Elizabeth dari York" (Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth of York).

[sunting] Pewaris takhta

Bapanya menjadi Raja United Kingdom selepas penurunan takhta bapa saudaranya Raja Edward VIII pada 1936. Selepas itu baginda dikenali sebagai "Puteri Elizabeth" (Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth). Semasa bermulanya Perang Dunia II, Elizabeth berumur 13 tahun dan dipindahkan ke Windsor Castle. Pada 1945, baginda menyertai Angkatan Tentera di bawah Perkhidmatan Wilayah Sokongan Wanita. Elizabeth merupakan satu-satunya kerabat diraja wanita yang menyertai Angkatan Tentera.

[sunting] Perkahwinan

Elizabeth menemui dua pupunya Putera Philip, Duke Edinburgh ketika baginda berusia 13 tahun. Mereka berkahwin pada 20 November 1947. Dahulunya perkahwinan mereka menimbulkan kontroversi, kerana Philip merupakan seorang penganut Ortodoks Greek, dan kakak-kakanya mengahwini penyokong Nazi.

Pada 14 November 1948, Elizabeth dikurniakan anak pertama baginda, Charles. Mereka mempunyai empat anak:

  1. Putera Charles, Putera Wales (lahir 14 November 1948)
  2. Puteri Anne, Puteri Diraja (lahir 15 Ogos 1950)
  3. Putera Andrew, Duke York (lahir 19 Februari 1960)
  4. Putera Edward, Earl Wessex (lahir 10 Mac 1964)

[sunting] Menaiki takhta

Pada Februari 1952, semasa Elizabeth dan suaminya sedang berlawat ke Kenya, ayanhanda baginda, George VI meninggal dunia akibat kanser paru-paru. Baginda pulang ke Britain dengan segera. Upacara pertabalan baginda diadakan pada 2 Jun 1953 di Westminster Abbey.

[sunting] Sebagai Ratu

Selepas menjadi Ratu Britain, Elizabeth dan suami baginda telah berpindah ke Istana Buckingham. Namun, baginda dikatakan lebih menyukai Istana Windsor sebagai kediaman. Elizabeth banyak mengadakan lawatan ke seluruh pelosok dunia. Baginda merupakan ratu pertama melawati Australia, New Zealand dan Fiji. Pada 1957, baginda telah berucap dalam Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, sebelum ke Kanada. Pada 1961, Elizabeth melawati Turki, India, Iran, Pakistan dan Nepal. Pada 1991, baginda juga berucap dalam sesi Kongres Amerika Syarikat dan pada 2007, baginda berucap dalam Perhimpunan Agung Virginia. Elizabeth seing menghadiri Mesyuarat Ketua-ketua Kerajaan Komanwel (CHOGM) sebagai Ketua Komanwel.

[sunting] Hubungan keluarga

Elizabeth dan suaminya Putera Philip, Duke Edinburgh telah meraikan ulang tahun perkahwinan permata mereka pada November 2007. Baginda juga mempunyai hubungan yang erat dengan anakanda baginda, serta cucu-cucu baginda, terutamanya, Putera William, Puteri Beatrice dan Zara Phillips.

[sunting] Kelanjutan usia

Tempoh pemerintahan Ratu Elizabeth merupakan kedua paling lama di dunia (selepas Raja Bhumibol Adulyadej dari Thailand) dan kedua paling lama di United Kingdom (selepas Ratu Victoria dari United Kingdom). Dalam tempoh itu, United Kingdom telah dipimpin oleh dua belas Perdana Menteri.

Kalau Elizabeth memerintah sehingga 9 September 2015 (usia 89), baginda akan menjadi ratu yang mempunyai tempoh pemerintahan yang paling lama di Britain.